Old Catholic movement
About this date: The papal definitions were promulgated in 1870, and the first Old Catholic congress met at Munich in 1871. Church organization followed during the 1870s, and the international Union of Utrecht was formed in 1889. The Dutch Church of Utrecht had a distinct, older history and was not created by Vatican I.
Opposition in Germany, Switzerland, and elsewhere to Vatican I's definitions of papal infallibility and universal jurisdiction developed into organized Old Catholic churches. In 1889 bishops of the Dutch, German, and Swiss churches formed the Union of Utrecht.